Ukufakwa Kwezindawo Zokugcina Izimpahla Zezimboni Kwezinkampani Zokukhiqiza

Izindawo zokukhiqiza ziyachuma ngokuhleleka, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuthembeka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo ikhiqiza imishini esindayo, izimpahla zabathengi, noma izingxenye ezinembile, indlela izinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nezimpahla eziqediwe ezigcinwa ngayo ithinta umkhiqizo, ukuphepha, kanye nezindleko. Ukubukeka okuthakazelisayo komklamo wesitoreji kwembula ukuthi indlela efanele yokubeka ama-rack ingaguqula izithiyo zibe imisebenzi ebikezelwayo futhi ikhulule imali ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala okungasebenzi kahle.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela ezisebenzayo zokugcina nokuhlela impahla ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokukhiqiza. Sihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwesistimu, ukuhlela isikhala, izinqubo zokuphepha, ukuhlanganiswa nemishini yokuphatha izinto, kanye namasu okulungisa isikhathi eside. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole ukuqonda okusebenzayo okukusiza ukuklama izinhlelo zokugcina izinto ezihambisana nemigomo yokukhiqiza kanye nemigomo yebhizinisi.

Ukukhetha Uhlelo Lokuhlela Olufanele Lwesikhungo Sakho

Ukukhetha uhlelo lokuhlela olufanele kungenye yezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingenziwa umsebenzi wokukhiqiza. Ukukhetha kuthinta ubuningi besitoreji, ukufinyeleleka, isikhathi sokushintsha, kanye nekhono lokusingatha izinhlobo ezahlukene zomthwalo. Ukuhlola okucatshangelwe kahle kuqala ngokuhlela iphrofayili yempahla: nquma izinhlobo zezinto ozigcinayo, isisindo sazo esimaphakathi nesiphezulu, ubukhulu, ukuthi zihamba kangaki, nokuthi zidinga i-FIFO, i-LIFO, noma ukufinyelela okungahleliwe. Isibonelo, izimpahla eziqediwe ezipakishwe kuma-pallet zingase zibe zilungele ukuhlela ama-pallet okukhethayo okulinganisela ubuningi kanye nokufinyelela okuqondile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izikhunta ezinkulu kodwa ezingathuthwa njalo noma ama-jig zingase zifaneleke kangcono ukuhlela ama-cantilever okusekela izinto ezinde, ezinkulu ngaphandle kwezindlela eziningi.

Esinye isici esibalulekile amazinga okushintshana kanye nohlobo lwe-SKU. Izinto ezishintshana kakhulu ziyazuza ezinhlelweni ezinciphisa isikhathi sokuhamba nokubuyisa; izinhlelo zokusunduza emuva noma zokugeleza kwephalethi zingandisa ukudlula kwezindawo zokukhetha eziqinile ngenkathi zigcina imithetho yokuqala ekuphumeni kokuqala noma yokugcina ekuphumeni kokuqala kuye ngomklamo. Emisebenzini enama-SKU amaningi kodwa ephansi ekukhethweni kwansuku zonke nge-SKU ngayinye, ukuhlelwa kwe-racking okukhethiwe kuhlanganiswe nobuso be-pick kanye nezindlela ezincane kungase kube okonga kakhulu.

Cabanga ngemingcele yesakhiwo kanye nomthamo womthwalo wephansi. Akuzona zonke izikhungo ezingasekela ukugoba okuqinile nokuqinile ngaphandle kokuqinisa. Ukuhlelwa kwamakholomu, ukuphakama kophahla, kanye nezinhlelo zokufafaza kuthinta ububanzi obuqondile bokugcinwa kanye nomklamo wokuphepha komlilo. Izithiyo zophahla ezifana nokukhanyisa, imigudu, kanye nemiphetho ye-mezzanine nazo zizochaza ukuthi ama-rack amade angabekwa kanjani nokuthi imiphetho kufanele ibekwe kuphi.

Cabanga ngokuguquguquka kwesikhathi esizayo: imigqa yokukhiqiza iyashintsha, osayizi bomkhiqizo bayashintsha, futhi isidingo siyashintshashintsha. Ukufakwa kwama-racking okungalungiswa kabusha noma kwandiswe kunciphisa imfucuza yesikhathi eside. Ezinkampanini ezilindele iziqongo zesizini noma ukushintsha komkhiqizo, izingxenye zokuqasha noma ze-modular zingaqeda izidingo zesikhashana ngaphandle kokulungiswa okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cabanga ngezinhlobo zemishini yokuphatha izinto ezihleliwe—ama-forklift ajwayelekile, amaloli okufinyelela, amaloli amancane kakhulu e-aisle (VNA), noma izimoto eziqondiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo (ama-AGV) ngayinye idinga ububanzi be-aisle obuthile kanye nokuphakama kwama-rack. Ukuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwama-racking nemishini ekhethiwe kuvimbela ukungalingani okunciphisa umkhiqizo.

Okokugcina, hlola ukwesekwa komhlinzeki: ubuchwepheshe bokufaka, izikhathi zokuhola, izitifiketi, amawaranti, kanye nensizakalo yangemva kokuthengisa kubalulekile. Uhlelo lokuhlela olucacisiwe kahle oluhambisana nokufakwa kochwepheshe kanye nokuhlolwa kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukuzibandakanya nabahlanganisi abanolwazi ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuhlela kuvame ukuveza amathuba okuthuthukiswa komsebenzi, izici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nezinye izindlela ezingabizi ezihambisana nemigomo yakho yokusebenza.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwesikhala Nokuhlela Ukwakheka Kwaso

Ukwandisa isikhala esingasetshenziswa esakhiweni sokukhiqiza kudinga ukuhlela ukuhlela ngamabomu kunemizamo elula yokufaka ama-rack amaningi endaweni yesikwele etholakalayo. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwesikhala okusebenzayo kulinganisela ubuningi besitoreji ngokumelene nokufinyeleleka kokusebenza kanye nokuhamba kwenqubo. Qala ngokuhlela ngokucacile izindawo zenqubo—ukwamukela, ukuhlola, ukugcina izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuhlelwa kokukhiqiza, ama-buffer okusebenza ngaphakathi kwenqubo, ukuhlelwa kwezimpahla eziqediwe, kanye nokuthunyelwa. Indawo ngayinye ibeka izidingo ezahlukene zemvamisa yokufinyelela kanye nohlobo lwesitoreji, okufanele kuqondise ngqo ukubekwa kwama-rack kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-aisle.

Ukucushwa kwe-aisle kuthinta kokubili isikhathi sokuhamba kanye nomthamo. I-aisle ebanzi iyasiza emigqeni yokukhiqiza lapho kwenzeka khona imithwalo emikhulu noma ithrafikhi evame ukwenzeka, kanti i-aisle encane noma ukwakheka kwe-VNA kungandisa kakhulu isitoreji ngemitha yesikwele ezindaweni zokugcina ezingashintshi. Kodwa-ke, i-aisle encane inciphisa ukushelela, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza amamodeli ezikhathi zokuhamba kanye ne-radii yokujika ngokusekelwe kuqoqo langempela lamaloli okuphakamisa kanye nabaqhubi abatholakalayo. Amathuluzi okulingisa indlela kanye nezifundo ezilula zokuhamba kwesikhathi zingaveza ukuthi ama-rack engeziwe azothuthukisa yini ukudlula noma abangele ukuminyana nokubambezeleka.

Isikhala esiqondile siyinto evame ukusetshenziswa kabi ezindaweni ezindala. Uma ukuphakama kophahla kuvumela futhi umthamo wokulayisha phansi wanele, izinhlelo ezinde zama-rack noma ama-mezzanine zingandisa indawo yokugcina ngaphandle kokwandisa indawo. Ama-mezzanine adala izitezi eziphakathi eziguquguqukayo ezilungele ukugcina izingxenye ezilula noma izindawo zokufaka ama-kit, kodwa adinga ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo, ukuhambisana nemithetho yokwakha, kanye nokuhlela ngokucophelela ukucima umlilo. Lapho wakha phezulu, cabanga ngendlela i-ergonomics yomqhubi kanye nokufinyelela okuphephile kuma-high pick okuzophathwa ngayo—ukuzenzakalela kwezimpahla kumuntu ngamunye, ama-oda okukhetha, noma ama-pallet jacks kungadingeka.

Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuhamba kwezinto ezingenayo neziphumayo. Thola izindawo zokubeka eduze kwemigqa yokukhiqiza kodwa hhayi eduze kakhulu kangangokuthi zivimbela ukunyakaza. Izindawo zokubeka imikhumbi ukuze kuhambe ngokushesha ziyazuza emalungiselelweni okubeka imikhumbi anciphisa ukuhamba kwe-forklift futhi avumele ukulayisha nokukhulula impahla ngasikhathi sinye. Ezindaweni zokusetshenziswa okuxubile, sebenzisa izindlela eziphawulwe ngokucacile kanye nemizila yokupaka ekhethiwe kanye neyabahamba ngezinyawo ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka phakathi kokuthathwa kwezindawo zokugcina kanye neminye imisebenzi.

Faka ukuguquguquka ekwakhiweni ukuze uvumelane nezinguquko ekuxubeni komkhiqizo noma ivolumu. Ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlela ezilungisekayo, iziqondiso ezisuswayo, kanye nosayizi wephalethi ojwayelekile kwenza kube lula ukuhlelwa kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, hlela izindawo ze-buffer ezimunca ukukhuphuka kwesikhathi esifushane ngaphandle kokudinga ukulungiswa kabusha ngokushesha kwesakhiwo sonke. Ukulungiswa kwesikhala kumayelana nokuhlela ukuguquguquka njengoba kumayelana nokukhulisa umthamo, futhi ukuklama kucatshangelwa kokubili kungaletha ukwehla okukhulu esikhathini sokuphatha kanye nezindleko zokuphatha impahla.

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngokuphepha Nokuthobela Imithetho

Ukuphepha kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho imithwalo esindayo, amaloli ezimboni asebenza ngogesi, kanye nabasebenzi babantu besebenza ndawonye. Izinqubo zokuphepha eziqinile kumele zihlanganiswe ekukhetheni ama-rack, ukufakwa, kanye nokusebenza kwansuku zonke ukuze kuvikelwe abantu, imikhiqizo, kanye nempahla. Qala ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zama-rack zihlangabezana nezindinganiso nezitifiketi zemboni ezifanele. Izilinganiso zomthamo womthwalo kufanele zithunyelwe ngokucacile futhi ziqinisekiswe ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Ukulayisha ngokweqile noma imithwalo engasatshalaliswanga ngokungalingani kuyizimbangela ezivamile zokwehluleka kwama-rack, ngakho-ke ukuqeqeshwa kanye nezimpawu kuqinisa ukusetshenziswa okufanele.

Ukuvikelwa kwerekhi kuyindlela yokutshalwa kwezimali evame ukunganakwa eletha izinzuzo. Ama-end-of-aisle guards, ama-column protectors, kanye nama-row spacers kunciphisa imiphumela evela kuma-forklifts futhi kunciphise ingozi yokuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo. Ngisho nemiphumela yesivinini esiphansi ingalimaza kancane kancane izingxenye, inciphise umthamo womthwalo futhi ikhulise amathuba okuwa okuyingozi kamuva. Ukuhlolwa njalo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe okwenziwa njalo, kusiza ekuboneni izindawo eziphakanyisiwe ezonakele, amabhawodi akhululekile, kanye nemishayo engaqondile kahle ngaphambi kokuba ibe yingozi.

Ukuphepha emlilweni kuyindawo ebalulekile yokuthobela imithetho. Ukuhlelwa kwerekhi kuthinta ukumbozwa kanye nokusebenza kwe-sprinkler; isitoreji se-high-bay singadala izinselele zokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi kanye nokulawulwa kwentuthu. Bambisana nonjiniyela bokuvikela umlilo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuningi be-sprinkler, ukufakwa kwekhanda, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthola ziyahlangabezana nezimfuneko zekhodi zesitoreji esinenqwaba. Cabanga ngendlela ukucushwa kwerekhi okuthinta ngayo ukuphuma okuphuthumayo futhi ugcine imizila yokuphuma ecacile nephawuliwe yabasebenzi.

Izici zabantu nazo zibalulekile. Ukuphakama kokukhethwa kwezimoto okusebenzayo kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kanye nengozi yokulimala kwabaqoqi bezimoto. Cabanga ngemizila yokuqoqa edonswa amandla adonsela phansi noma izixazululo zokuthola izimpahla kubantu ezindaweni zokukhetha ezinabantu abaningi ukuze unciphise ukuphakamisa okuphindaphindiwe. Izinqubomgomo zemishini yokuzivikela (i-PPE) kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuphoqelekile kwabasebenzi bemishini yokuphatha izinto kuyingxenye yesiko eliphephile. Khuthaza ukubika ngokuphambuka okuseduze futhi usebenzise inqubo yokuthuthukisa eqhubekayo ukuze ukwakheka nezinqubo kuguquke ngokuphendula ezigamekweni zangempela.

Okokugcina, ukuthobela imithetho kuhlanganisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi, imithetho yemvelo, kanye nemithetho yokwakha. Gcina amarekhodi okuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kwemithwalo, kanye nokugcinwa ukuze ubonise ukucophelela okufanele. Ezindaweni eziningi, izinhlelo zokuhlela kumele ziqinisekiswe noma zihlolwe ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi ukwehluleka ukuthobela kungaholela ezinhlawulweni noma ekuvalweni kokusebenza. Ngokufaka ukuphepha kanye nokuthobela umjikelezo wokuphila kohlelo lokuhlela—kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekusebenzeni kwansuku zonke—uvikela abasebenzi kanye nempahla ngenkathi ugcina ukukhiqizwa okungaphazanyiswa.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kokuphathwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile Nokuzenzakalela

Izinqumo zokubeka izinto endaweni engenalutho; kumele zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokuphatha izinto ezihambisa isitokwe endaweni. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-racking nama-conveyor, izinhlelo zokugcina nokubuyisa ezenzakalelayo (i-ASRS), ama-AGV, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha izimpahla (i-WMS) kungaletha ukuthuthukiswa kokushintsha kwesinyathelo ekuphumeni nasekunembileni, kodwa kudinga ubunjiniyela bezinhlelo obucophelelayo. Qala ngokuchaza ukuthi izinto zizohamba kanjani: ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yemisebenzi yokukhetha esezingeni le-pallet uma kuqhathaniswa ne-piece-pick, yimiphi imizila edinga ukugeleza okuguquguqukayo, nokuthi lapho ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kuveza khona i-ROI enamandla kakhulu.

Izinhlelo Zokugcina Nokubuyisa Ezenzakalelayo zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekugcinweni okuxineneyo kanye nokutholwa okusheshayo nokunembile, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezinenani eliphezulu noma ezihamba ngokushesha. Izixazululo ze-ASRS ziyahlukahluka—imithwalo emincane yezingxenye ezincane, izinhlelo zomthwalo weyunithi yama-pallet, kanye nezinhlelo ze-carousel zezinto ezihlanganisiwe. Ukukhetha kuncike kumaphrofayili e-oda, isivinini sokutholwa esidingekayo, kanye nemali esetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, endaweni yokukhiqiza edinga ukulethwa kwezingxenye ngesikhathi esifanele eziteshini zokuhlanganisa, i-ASRS ehlanganiswe ne-WMS ingaqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zilethwa ngqo lapho kudingeka, inciphise i-buffer inventory futhi ikhulule isikhala sephansi.

Ama-AGV namarobhothi ahambayo azimele anikeza ukuguquguquka ngokuhlukanisa ingqalasizinda engaguquki ekunyakazeni. Asebenza kahle ezindaweni ezinezakhiwo ezishintshayo noma lapho imingcele yomzimba yenza ukufaka ama-conveyor noma i-guide rails ebanzi kungasebenzi. Uma uhlanganisa ama-AGV nama-rack, qiniseka ukuthi izindawo zokubeka ama-rack, izindawo zokuthatha impahla, kanye neziteshi zokufaka ama-docking zenzelwe ukuhambisana okuthembekile nokuthi izinqubo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto ne-WMS ziqinile.

Izinhlelo zokugoqa eziphakelwa yi-conveyor kanye nokugeleza kwe-pallet zenza kube lula ukunyakaza okusebenzayo okuqondene ngqo phakathi kokwamukela nokuthumela noma phakathi kwezigaba zokukhiqiza. Lezi zinhlelo eziguquguqukayo zinhle kakhulu ekuphathweni kwempahla yokuqala kanye nokunciphisa ukuphathwa ngokuvumela ama-pallet ukuthi ahambe kancane kuma-roller noma amasondo. Zidinga ukulawulwa kwe-gradient ngokucophelela, ukuphathwa kwemizila, kanye nosayizi we-buffer ukuze kugwenywe ukuvinjelwa noma imithwalo ebalekayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kuhilela nezinhlelo zedijithali. I-WMS yesimanje ixhumanisa i-slotting logic, ukugcwaliswa kabusha, kanye nemizila yokukhetha ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhamba futhi kulinganiswe umthwalo womsebenzi kuzo zonke izindawo. Ukubonakala kwesitoko ngesikhathi sangempela kusekela ukugcwaliswa kabusha okubikezelayo kanye nezinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuthi uzofakwa kabusha noma wandise nini isitoreji. Ukuze kube nokuzenzakalela okuphumelelayo, tshala isikhathi ekuhlolweni kwenqubo kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhlola. Ukuzenzakalela kufanele kube lula ukushintshashintsha kokusebenza, hhayi ukwengeza ubunzima; ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ngama-KPI acacile kungaqinisekisa izinzuzo futhi kunciphise izingozi.

Ukugcinwa, Ukuhlolwa, kanye Nokuphathwa Komjikelezo Wokuphila

Uma uhlelo lokuhlela selukhona, inani lalo lincike kakhulu ekunakekelweni okuqhubekayo, ukuhlolwa okuvamile, kanye nokuphathwa komjikelezo wokuphila okusebenzayo. Uhlelo olunakekelwe kahle lunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi esingahleliwe, luvimbela izingozi, futhi lwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwezingxenye, lunikeze imbuyiselo enamandla ekutshalweni kwezimali. Misa isimiso sokulungisa esisemthethweni esihlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke okubonakalayo ngabaqhubi, ukuhlolwa okuncane kwamasonto onke noma kwanyanga zonke ngabaphathi, kanye nokuhlolwa kwesakhiwo kwaminyaka yonke ochwepheshe abafanelekayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwansuku zonke kufanele kubheke izinkinga ezisobala: ukugoba okuqondile, imishayo esusiwe, ihadiwe ekhululekile, kanye nezimpawu zokugqwala. Abasebenzi kufanele baqeqeshwe ukubika umonakalo ngokushesha nokubona izinto ezigcinwe ezindaweni ezingalungile noma ezidlula imikhawulo yomthwalo. Sebenzisa uhlelo olulula lokumaka ukuze izingxenye ezonakele ziphawulwe ngokucacile ukuthi azisenamsebenzi kuze kube yilapho zilungiswa noma zishintshwa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okungahlosiwe kwamashelufu asengozini futhi kuvumela amaqembu okulungisa ukuthi abeke phambili ukulungiswa.

Ukugcina amarekhodi kubalulekile ekuphathweni komjikelezo wokuphila. Ukulandelela ukulungiswa, izinsuku zokuhlolwa, izinguquko zomthwalo, kanye nokuguqulwa. Lezi zingobo zisekela ukuhambisana, zisiza ekuboneni izinkinga eziphindaphindayo, futhi zinikeze ulwazi ngokuhlela imali. Uma imigqa ethile yezindawo noma ama-rack ikhombisa imiphumela evamile, cabanga ngokubeka kabusha noma ukwengeza izithiyo zokuvikela. Izinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha mayelana nokuqinisa noma ukufaka esikhundleni zinciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi futhi zithuthukise ukuphepha.

Ukubeka isabelomali sezingxenye ezizoshintshwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa kuqinisekisa ukulungela lapho izingxenye zifika ekupheleni kwesikhathi sazo sokusebenza. Izingxenye zokuhlela zivame ukuhlala iminyaka eminingi kodwa zingaba buthaka ngenxa yemiphumela ephindaphindwayo noma ukuchayeka ezindaweni ezinzima. Hlela ukulungiswa njalo, njengokupenda kabusha ukuze kulwiwe nokugqwala noma ukushintsha izixhumi ze-beam kanye neziqeshana zokuphepha. Lapho wenza ukuthuthukiswa, cabanga ngobuchwepheshe obusha njengezinzwa ezihlanganisiwe ezibona ukushintsha komthwalo noma imiphumela bese uzibika ngokuzenzakalelayo ezinhlelweni zokulungisa—lokhu kungasheshisa izikhathi zokuphendula futhi kunciphise ingozi.

Ubudlelwano nabahlinzeki budlala indima ekuphathweni komjikelezo wokuphila. Sebenzisana nabathengisi abahlinzeka ngezingxenye ezisele, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhlola. Abahlinzeki abaningi banikeza amaphakheji okuhlola kanye nesitifiketi esiza izikhungo ukuthi zigcine ukuhambisana nezindinganiso ezishintshayo. Okokugcina, phatha ukulungiswa njengenqubo yokuthuthukisa eqhubekayo: hlaziya imibiko yezehlakalo, uthuthukise ukuqeqeshwa, futhi ulungise ukwakheka noma izinqubo ukuze ususe izimbangela zokuguguleka nomonakalo. Indlela ehlelekile yokulungisa nokuphatha umjikelezo wokuphila ivikela abantu nempahla, inciphisa ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza, futhi igcina inani lesikhathi eside lezimali zakho zokugcina.

Ngamafuphi, izixazululo zokugcina ezisebenzayo ezindaweni zokukhiqiza zincike ekukhetheni uhlelo olucatshangelwe kahle, ukuhlela isikhala ngokucophelela, imikhuba yokuphepha eqinile, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okuhlakaniphile nemishini yokuphatha. Isinqumo ngasinye—kusukela ohlotsheni lwe-rack kuya ebubanzini be-aisle kuya ezingeni lokuzenzakalela—kufanele sisekelwe idatha yokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokuguquguquka zesikhathi esizayo. Uma i-rack ihlelwa futhi iphathwa njengengxenye yesistimu yokukhiqiza iyonke, iba yisisekelo esivumela ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka.

Ukuphetha, ukutshala isikhathi ezigabeni zokuqala zokuklama kanye nokugcinwa okuqhubekayo kuveza izinzuzo ezinkulu. Izikhungo ezivumelanisa isu lokugcina izinto nokusebenza komsebenzi, ukuphepha, kanye nobuchwepheshe ziyakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa umkhiqizo, kanye nokugcina izindawo zokusebenza ziphephile. Sebenzisa izimiso okuxoxwe ngazo lapha njengohlaka lokuhlola izindlela zamanje zokugcina izinto kanye nokuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa okusekela kokubili umkhiqizo wesikhathi esifushane kanye nokukhula kwesikhathi eside.